Ultra low voltage ring oscillator with redundant inverter

ABSTRACT

Redundant inverters with multiple inverter stages enable lower operating voltages to be used. For example, the use of multiple inverter stages produces a strong “0” or a strong “1” output signal. The strong output signal facilitates self-oscillation of a ring oscillator at lower voltages.

BACKGROUND

Supply voltage is generally very low in energy harvesting applications.As such, a self-starter circuit is required to trigger a semiconductorchip which includes power management circuit to start operate in such alow supply voltage. A ring oscillator is typically used as theself-starter circuit. However, a conventional ring oscillator requiresrelatively high self-oscillating voltage which is undesirable.

From the foregoing discussion, it is desirable to provide a ringoscillator circuit which can operate at ultra-low supply voltages, suchas 45-50 mV or below.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to redundantinverters in semiconductor devices. In one aspect, a redundant inverterincludes a redundant inverter input terminal for receiving an inverterinput signal; and a redundant inverter output terminal for generating aninverter output signal. The redundant inverter also includes an inputmodule with a high section and a low section. The high section includesa first inverter having a first p-type transistor and a first n-typetransistor coupled in series between a high power source and a low powersource, the first inverter includes a first inverter input terminalcoupled to the redundant inverter input terminal and a first inverteroutput terminal. The low section includes a second inverter with asecond p-type transistor and a second n-type transistor coupled inseries between the high and low power sources. The second inverterincludes a second inverter input terminal coupled to the redundantinverter input terminal and the second inverter output terminal. Theredundant inverter further includes an output module with an outputinverter. The output inverter includes an output p-type transistor andan output n-type transistor coupled in series between the first inverteroutput terminal and the second inverter output terminal, a first outputinverter terminal coupled to the redundant inverter output terminal, anda second output inverter terminal coupled to the redundant inverterinput terminal. The input module with the first and second inverters andthe output module with the output inverter form a two stage redundantinverter.

In another aspect, a redundant inverter includes a redundant inverterinput terminal for receiving an inverter input signal, and a redundantinverter output terminal for generating an inverter output signal. Theredundant inverter also includes an input module with inverters arrangedinto a high section and a low section. The high section generates a highsection output signal at a high section output terminal. The low sectiongenerates a low section output signal at a low section output terminal.In response to a logic 1 input signal at the redundant inverter inputterminal, the high section is configured to generate a weak “0” at thehigh section output terminal, and the low section is configured togenerate a strong “0” at the low section output terminal. In response toa logic 0 input signal at the redundant inverter input terminal, thehigh section is configured to generate a strong “1” at the high outputterminal, and the low section is configured to generate a weak “1” atthe low section output terminal. The redundant inverter further includesan output module with an output inverter. The output inverter includesan output inverter high power source terminal coupled to the highsection output terminal, an output inverter low power source terminalcoupled to the low section output terminal, an output inverter inputterminal coupled to the redundant inverter input terminal, and an outputinverter output terminal coupled to the redundant inverter outputterminal.

These and other advantages and features of the embodiments hereindisclosed, will become apparent through reference to the followingdescription and the accompanying drawings. Furthermore, it is to beunderstood that the features of the various embodiments described hereinare not mutually exclusive and can exist in various combinations andpermutations.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form part ofthe specification in which like numerals designate like parts,illustrate preferred embodiments of the present disclosure and, togetherwith the description, serve to explain the principles of variousembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1a shows a circuit symbol of an embodiment of a redundant inverter;

FIG. 1b shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the redundantinverter;

FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of another embodiment of the redundantinverter;

FIG. 3 shows an exemplary ring oscillator with redundant inverters; and

FIGS. 4a-4c show simulation results of ring oscillators withconventional inverters and multi-stage inverters as shown in FIG. 1b andFIG. 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to semiconductordevices, such as integrated circuit (ICs). The ICs may be any type ofICs. The ICs include redundant inverters. A redundant inverter includesmultiple stages of inverters. The redundant inverter can operate in lowvoltage regimes, such as ultra-low voltage regimes. For example, theinverters can operate with a supply voltage at about 50 mV or below. Forexample, the inverters can operate at 45-50 mV or below. Operating atother suitable voltages may also be useful. In general, lower operatingvoltages may be achieved with additional inverter stages. The desiredoperating voltage may be achieved with the appropriate amount ofinverter stages.

FIG. 1a shows a circuit symbol of an embodiment of a redundant inverter100. As shown, the redundant inverter includes a double triangle,representing input and output modules 110 and 150. An input terminal Ais coupled to the input module and an output terminal Y is coupled tothe output module. The output signal at output terminal Y is theinverted input signal at input terminal A.

FIG. 1b shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a redundantinverter 100. The redundant inverter includes transistors. In oneembodiment, the transistors are metal oxide semiconductor field effecttransistors (MOSFETs). Other types of transistors may also be useful.

A MOSFET is formed on a semiconductor substrate, such as a siliconsubstrate. Other types of substrates may also be useful. The transistoris disposed in a device region defined by isolation regions, such asshallow trench isolation regions. Other types of isolation regions mayalso be useful. The device region includes a second polarity type dopedwell which serves as a body of a first polarity type transistor. Forexample, a p-type doped well serves as a body of an n-type transistor(nFET) while an n-type doped well serves as a body of a p-typetransistor (pFET). The device well is a lightly or intermediately dopedwell.

A gate of the transistor is disposed on the substrate between first andsecond source/drain (S/D) regions and in the substrate. The gate, forexample, includes a gate electrode over a gate dielectric. The gateelectrode may be formed of polysilicon while the gate dielectric may beformed of silicon oxide. Other types of gate electrode and gatedielectric materials may also be useful. The S/D regions are heavilydoped regions with first polarity type dopants. For example, n-typedoped S/D regions are used for n-type transistors and p-type doped S/Dregions are used for p-type transistors. The gate and S/D terminalsserve as transistor terminals. For example, the gate serves as a gateterminal 172 and the first and second. S/D regions serve as first andsecond terminals 175 and 177.

As shown, the redundant inverter includes an input module 110 and anoutput module 150. In one embodiment, the input and output modules aresignal stage modules. For example, the input and output modules form a2-stage redundant inverter.

The input stage provides output signals to the output module. In oneembodiment, the output signals include first and second power sources orrail signals for the output module. For example, the output signals arehigh (first) and low (second) power sources for the output inverter ofthe output module.

The output stage includes an output inverter 155 having first and secondoutput transistors 164 and 168 coupled in series. The first outputtransistor is a p-type transistor and the second output transistor is ann-type transistor. For example, the first output transistor is a pFETand the second output transistor is an nFET. The first terminals 142 and143 of the output transistors form a common inverter output terminal Y,and the second terminals 146 and 147 of the output transistors serve asinput terminals of the output module from the input module, and the gateterminals are coupled to the inverter input terminal A.

In one embodiment, the inverter of the output stage is a balancedinverter. For example, the size of the first and second outputtransistors is the same. For example, the output transistors arebalanced. In a preferred embodiment, the first and second outputtransistors are large MOSFETs. The use of large transistors arepreferred to generate a higher current for the output signal. This, forexample, can improve performance. The use of other sized outputtransistors may also be useful. For example, other balanced transistorconfigurations may also be useful for the output inverter.

The size of a transistor is relative and may be determined by the W/L,which is the width and length of the channel. The length L is generallyfixed according to the technology node. The width W may be adjusted todetermine the size of the transistor. For example, the L of a transistorfor a 65 nm technology node may be about 60 nm. The W/L of a large pFETmay be about 4 μm/60 nm, a large nFET may be about 4.8 μm/60 nm, a smallpFET may be about 0.5 μm/60 nm, a small nFET may be about 0.6 μm/60 nmwhile an intermediate pFET may be about 1.5 μm/60 nm and an intermediatenFET may be about 1.8 μm/60 nm. Other dimensions may also be used toreflect the relative size of large, intermediate or small transistors.

As for the input module, it includes input inverters. Inverters of theinput module are similar to the output inverter. For example, an inputinverter includes first and second transistors coupled in series. Thefirst transistor is a p-type while the second transistor is an n-type.Common first terminals form an output of the input inverter while gatesform a common input terminal of the input inverter coupled to theredundant inverter input terminal A. As for the second terminals of theinput transistors, they serve as input terminals for high and low powersources.

The input inverters generate first and second input module (IM) outputsignals at IM output terminals 112 and 113. The input module isseparated into first and second sections 117 and 119. The first sectiongenerates the first IM output signal at the first IM output terminal andthe second section generates the second IM output signal at the secondIM output terminal. The first IM output terminal 112 is coupled to thesecond terminal 146 of the first output transistor 164 of the outputinverter and the second IM output terminal 113 is coupled to the secondterminal 147 of the second output transistor 168 of the output inverter.

In one embodiment, the first section 117 is configured to produce astrong logic 1 (high) signal or a weak logic 0 (low) signal at the firstIM output terminal 112 and the second section 119 is configured toproduce a weak logic 1 signal or a strong logic 0 signal at the secondIM output terminal 113. The strong or weak logic signals are based onthe redundant inverter input signal at the redundant inverter inputterminal A. In one embodiment, when the inverter input signal is a logic0 signal, the first section generates a strong logic 1 or “1” signalwhile the second section generates a weak logic 1 signal. On the otherhand, when the inverter input signal is a logic 1 signal, the firstsection generates a weak logic 0 or “0” signal while the second sectiongenerates a strong logic 0 signal.

A strong “1” refers to a logic 1 signal which is close to the supplyvoltage V_(Supply) (not shown). The supply voltage is the voltageprovided at the high power source of the output inverter The supplyvoltage, for example, is the first IM output signal of the input module.On the other hand, a weak “1” refers to a logic 1 signal which isgreater than 0.5*V_(Supply) (not shown) but not close to V_(Supply) as astrong “1” is. A strong “0” refers to a logic 0 signal close to groundwhile a weak “0” refers to a logic 0 signal which is lower than0.5*V_(Supply) but not close to ground as a strong “0” is. The ground,for example, is the voltage provided in FIG. 1b labeled as GND.

As discussed, the output signals of the input module serve as powersources for the output inverter. For example, the first IM output signalserves as a high power source and the second IM output signal serves asa low power source of the output inverter. As discussed, the inverterinput signal is coupled to the gate terminals of the output transistors.This results in the output module generating a strong logic 1 signal atthe redundant inverter output terminal Y for a logic 0 input signal atinput terminal A. This is because the pFET 164 has a smaller resistancethan the nFET 168 when input A is a logic 0 signal. As such, the outputY will be more close to the voltage of 146 which is a strong “1”. On theother hand, the output Y is a strong “0” for a logic 1 input signal atinput terminal A. This is because nFET 168 has a smaller resistance thanpFET 164 when input A is a logic 1 signal. As such, the output Y will bemore close to the voltage of 147 which is a strong “0”.

The input module, as discussed, includes a single input stage 114. Asshown, the input stage includes a first input inverter 120 for the firstsection 117 and a second input inverter 125 for the second section 119.In one embodiment, the first inverter is coupled to high and low powersources, such as V_(DD) and GND. For example, a first or p-typetransistor has its second terminal coupled to V_(DD) and a second orn-type transistor has its second terminal coupled to GND. The outputterminal 112 formed by common first terminals of the input transistorsof the first input inverter is coupled to the second terminal of thefirst output transistor. Similarly, the second terminals of the first(p-type) transistor and second (n-type transistor) are coupled to V_(DD)and G_(ND) while the output terminal 113 formed by common firstterminals of the input transistors of the second input inverter iscoupled to the second terminal of the second output transistor.

In one embodiment, the first inverter is configured to produce a strong“1” or a weak “0”, depending on whether the input at terminal A is alogic 0 or logic 1 signal. To produce a strong logic 1 signal or a weaklogic 0 signal, the first inverter in the first section is imbalanced.In one embodiment, the first input inverter includes a large p-typetransistor and a small n-type transistor. As discussed, the first inputinverter serves as the high power source for the output inverter. Thelarge p-type transistor, which is coupled to the high power source, suchas V_(DD), facilitates in generating a strong logic 1 when the input atterminal A is a logic 0. The small n-type transistor, which is coupledto the low power source, such as GND, facilitates in producing a weaklogic 0 signal when the input at terminal A is a logic 1.

As for the second inverter, it is also imbalanced. However, it isimbalanced in the opposite direction as the first inverter. For example,the second inverter includes a small p-type transistor and a largen-type transistor. The large n-type transistor, which is coupled to thelow power source, such as GND, facilitates in generating a strong “0”when the input at terminal A is a logic 1. The small p-type transistor,which is coupled to the high power source, such as V_(DD), facilitatesin producing a weak “1” signal when the input at terminal A is a logic0.

When input A is a logic 1 signal, the nFET 168 of the output inverterhas a much smaller resistance than the pFET 164 of the output inverter.As such, the output signal Y will be very close to the second IM outputsignal 113, which is a strong “0”. On the other hand, when input A is alogic 0 signal, the nFET 168 has a much larger resistance than the pFET164, resulting in the output Y's voltage to be very close to the strong“1” of the first IM output signal 112.

Providing a 2-stage redundant inverter (1 input stage and 1 outputstage) produces a stronger logic 1 or a stronger logic 0 signal at theredundant inverter terminal Y compared to conventional inverters. Thestronger logic 0 and 1 signals enable the inverter to operate with lowsupply voltages, such as less than 45-50 mV. However, the additionalstage is at the cost of operating speed and larger inverter size orfootprint.

FIG. 2 shows another embodiment of a redundant inverter 200. Theredundant inverter includes common elements as that described in FIGS.1a -1 b. Common elements may not be described or described in detail.

As shown, the redundant inverter includes input and output modules 110and 150. The output module, in one embodiment, includes an outputinverter 155 having a first p-type transistor and a second n-typetransistor. The first terminals of the output transistors form a commonterminal, serving as the redundant inverter output terminal Y. Theoutput transistors are balanced transistors. For example, thetransistors are large transistors. The gate terminals of the outputtransistors are commonly coupled to the redundant inverter inputterminal A. The second terminals of the first and second outputtransistors are coupled to first and second IM output terminals 112 and113.

The input module includes first and second input stages 214 and 216. Theinput module includes first and second sections 117 and 119. The firstsection is configured to produce a strong logic 1 (high) signal or aweak logic 0 (low) signal at the first IM output terminal 112 and thesecond section is configured to produce a weak logic 1 signal or astrong logic 0 signal at the second IM output terminal 113. The strongor weak logic signals are based on the redundant inverter input signalat the redundant inverter input terminal A. In one embodiment, when theinverter input signal is a logic 0, the first section 117 generates astrong logic 1 signal while the second section 119 generates a weaklogic 1 signal. On the other hand, when the inverter input signal is alogic 1 signal, the first section 117 generates a weak logic 0 signalwhile the second section 119 generates a strong logic 0 signal.

The first input stage 214 includes first and second input inverters 220and 225. For example, the first and second input inverters are part ofthe first input stage of the input module. The first inverter is part ofthe first or high inverter section and the second inverter is part ofthe second or low inverter section. The common first terminals of thetransistors of the first input inverter form the first IM outputterminal 112 which serves as the high power source for the outputinverter. As for the second input inverter, the common first terminalsof the transistors form the second IM output terminal 113 which servesas the low power source for the output inverter. The gate terminals ofthe transistors of the first and second input inverters are commonlycoupled to the inverter input terminal A.

The second input stage 216 includes third, fourth, fifth and sixth inputinverters 232, 234, 236 and 238. For example, the third, fourth, fifthand sixth input inverters are part of the second input stage of theinput module. The third and fourth input inverters are part of the highinverter section and the fifth and sixth input inverters are part of thelow inverter section. The inverters of the second input stage are eachcoupled between the high power source, such as V_(DD) and the low powersource, such as GND.

The second input inverters serve as power sources for the first stageinverters. For example, the third input inverter's output serves as thehigh power source for the first input inverter and the fourth inputinverter's output scarves as the low power source for the first inputinverter. Similarly, the fifth input inverter's output serves as thehigh power source for the second input inverter and the sixth inputinverter's output serves as the low power source for the second inputinverter. The gate terminals of the transistors of the second stageinput inverters are commonly coupled to the inverter input terminal A.

As for the first or high section, the third inverter 232 of the secondinput stage 216 which provides the high power source for the first inputinverter 220 of the first input stage 214 is an imbalanced inverter. Inone embodiment, the p-type transistor is a large transistor while then-type transistor is a small transistor. The fourth inverter 234, whichprovides the low power source for the first input inverter, is abalanced inverter. Preferably, the transistors of the fourth inverterare intermediate sized transistors. The inverters of first input stageof the high section are balanced inverters, having both p-type andn-type as large transistors. Providing other sized or configurations oftransistors for the inverters may also be useful.

As for the second or low section, the fifth inverter 236, which providesthe high power source for the second input inverter 225, is a balancedinverter. Preferably, the transistors of the fifth inverter areintermediate sized transistors. The sixth inverter 238, which providesthe low power source for the second input inverter 225 of the firstinput stage 214, is an imbalanced inverter. In one embodiment, thep-type transistor is a small transistor while the n-type transistor is alarge transistor. The inverter of the first input stage 225 of the lowsection is a balanced inverter, having both p-type and n-type as largetransistors. Providing other sized or configurations of transistors forthe inverters may also be useful.

The outputs of the inverters of the first input stage 214 serve as firstand second IM output terminals 112 and 113. For example, the output ofthe inverter of the high section serves as the first IM output terminal112 and the output of the inverter of the low section serves as thesecond IM output terminal 113. The first IM output terminal is coupledto the second terminal of the p-type output transistor of the outputinverter and the second IM output terminal is coupled to the secondterminal of the n-type output transistor of the output inverter.

Providing a second input stage produces a stronger logic 1 or a strongerlogic 0 signal at the redundant inverter terminal Y. The stronger logic0 and 1 signals enable the inverter to operate at even lower operatingvoltages as compared to the single input stage inverter of FIG. 1 b.However, the additional stage is at the cost of operating speed andlarger inverter size or footprint.

In other embodiments, the input module may include other number of inputstages. For example, FIGS. 1b and 2 show redundant inverters with 1 and2 input stages. Providing 3 or more input stages for the input modulemay also be useful. For example, the redundant inverter may be x stageinverter of which x=n+1, where

-   -   x=total number of stages of the redundant inverter,    -   n=the total number of input stages of the input module, and    -   1=the output stage of the output module.        For the n input stages, the first (n=1) is the closest input        stage to the output stage and provides the IM output signals to        the output module. For example, the output signals include first        and second power source or rail signals for the output module.        For other input stages, they provide output signals which serve        as power sources for preceding input inverter stage. For        example, the second input stage provides output signals which        serve as power rail sources for the first input stage. Both the        input and output modules receive the inverter input signal. As        for the inverters of the last inverter stage (n=n), they are        coupled between first and second power sources, such as V_(DD)        and GND.

The number of inverters in the input module is dependent on the numberof input stages. In one embodiment, the number of inverters in aspecific input stage is equal to 2^(i), where i is from 1 to n for aninput module with n number of inverter stages and i is the input stage.As discussed, the input stage which provides the IM output signals tothe output module is the lowest numbered or first input stage (e.g.,i=1) while the input stage farthest away from the output module ishighest numbered or last input stage (e.g., i=n). The total number ofinverters in the input module is equal to the sum of inverters at eachstage which is equal to the sum of 2^(i) where i=1 to n.

To illustrate, an input module with 1 input stage (i=n=1) has 2inverters and n=1), resulting in a total of 2 inverters, as shown inFIG. 1 b. For an input module with 2 input stages, as shown in FIG. 2,the first input stage (i=1) has 2 inverters and the second and lastinput stage (i=n=2) has 4 inverters, resulting in a total of 6inverters. For an input module with 3 input stages, the first inputstage (i=1) has 2 inverters, the second input stage (i=2) has 4inverters and the third or last input stage (i=n=3) has 8 inverters,resulting in a total of 14 inverters. For an input module with 4 inputstages, the first input stage (i=1) has 2 inverters, the second inputstage (i=2) has 4 inverters, the third input stage (i=3) has 8 invertersand the fourth or last input stage (i=n=4) has 16 inverters, resultingin a total of 30 inverters.

Furthermore, the number of inverters for each section of the inputmodule is divided by 2. For example, each of the high and low sectionsincludes half of the total number of inverters. This is valid for thetotal number of inverters for the whole input module or for each stageof the input module. Using the examples above, a 1 input stage inputmodule has 2 inverters, one for each section, as shown in, for example,FIG. 1 b. A 2 input stage input module, which has a total of 6inverters, has 3 inverters for each section, as shown in, for example,FIG. 2. A 3 input stage input module, which has a total of 14 inverters,has 7 inverters for each section. A 4 input stage input module which hasa total of 30 inverters, has 15 inverters for each section.

As discussed, the transistors of the inverters are configured such thatthe high section produces a strong “1” at the output terminal Y for alogic 0 input signal at input terminal A and the low section produces astrong “0” at the output terminal Y for a logic 1 input signal at inputterminal A. For example, the transistors of the inverters at the lastsection may be tuned to include unbalanced inverters and balancedinverters having intermediate transistors while others are configured tobe balanced with large transistors. In one embodiment, the transistorsof the inverters are tuned such that the high section generates a strong“1” at the first IM output terminal while the low section generates aweak “1” signal at the second IM output terminal when the input signalat input terminal A is a logic 0. On the other hand, the high sectiongenerates a weak “0” at first IM output terminal while the low sectiongenerates a strong “0” at the second IM output terminal when the inputsignal at input terminal A is a logic 1. When the input signal at inputterminal A is a logic 1, the second terminal of the second outputtransistor 147 generates a strong “0” and the second terminal of thefirst output transistor 146 generates a weak “0”. In this case, the gatevoltage is 1, resulting in an nFET 168 with a smaller resistance thanpFET 164, generating a strong “0” output which is more close to 147.When the input signal at input terminal A is a logic 0, the secondterminal of the second output transistor 147 generates a weak “1” andthe second terminal of the first output transistor 146 generates astrong “1”. In this case, the gate voltage is “0”, resulting in a pFET164 with a smaller resistance than nFET 168, generating a strong “1”output which is more close to 146. Thus, a strong “1” and a strong “0”can be obtained using logic 0 and 1 as the input signals.

With each additional input stage, a stronger logic 0 or 1 output signalcan be generated by the redundant inverter, enabling the inverter tooperate at lower supply voltages. For example, supply voltages of lessthan 45 mV may be used to operate the inverter. The additional stages,however, may reduce operating speed and increase area needed.

FIG. 3 shows an exemplary embodiment of a ring oscillator 300. The ringoscillator, as shown, includes an oscillating stage/module 320 and anoutput stage/module 340. The ring oscillator, for example, may be usedto generate a clock output (CLKOUT) signal at its output for an IC. AnIC may have numerous oscillators for generating different CLKOUTsignals. In one embodiment, the ring oscillator is implemented withredundant inverters 310, such as those described in FIGS. 1a-1b and FIG.2. For example, the redundant inverter may be a 2-stage (x=2) or 3-stage(x=3) redundant inverter. Implementing the ring oscillator withredundant inverters having other number of stages may also be useful.

The oscillating module includes an odd number of redundant inverters. Asshown, the oscillating module includes 11 redundant inverters. Providingthe oscillating module with other odd number of redundant inverters mayalso be useful. The odd number ensures switching or oscillating of theinverters. In one embodiment, the redundant inverters are configured ina ring 305. For example, the input and output of the inverters areconnected in series to form a continuous ring.

The output module, in one embodiment, includes first and second outputredundant inverters 342 and 344. Providing the output module with othernumber of inverters may also be useful. The number of inverters maydepend on the desired output driving capability. For example, highernumber of inverters may be used to increase drive current. The outputmodule 340 is coupled to the oscillating module 320. For example, aninput of the first output inverter is coupled to an output of aninverter of the oscillating module. Other configurations of ringoscillators may also be useful.

FIGS. 4a-4c show simulation results of different ring oscillators basedon supply voltage. A first ring oscillator is implemented withconventional inverters, a second ring oscillator is implemented with2-stage redundant inverters and a third ring oscillator is implementedwith 3-stage redundant inverters. The first oscillator is represented byline 401, the second oscillator is represented by line 402 and the thirdoscillator is represented by line 403.

The simulation of the ring oscillators is based on the followingparameters:

Number of inverters 11 Sim Temperature 25° First Oscillator pFETs   1μm/60 nm nFETs 1.2 μm/60 nm Second Oscillator L pFETs   4 μm/60 nm LnFETs 4.8 μm/60 nm S pFETs 1.4 μm/60 nm S nFETs 1.6 μm/60 nm ThirdOscillator L pFETs   4 μm/60 nm L nFETs 4.8 μm/60 nm I pFETs 1.5 μm/60nm I nFETs 1.8 μm/60 nm S pFETs 0.5 μm/60 nm S nFETs 0.6 μm/60 nm

FIG. 4a shows results of the different ring oscillators using a 55 mVsupply voltage. As can be seen, all ring oscillators oscillate,producing CLKOUT signals. However, the second and third ring oscillatorswith the 2-stage and 3-stage redundant inverters produce the highervoltage magnitudes than the first oscillator with conventionalinverters. Clearly, the third oscillator with the 3-stage inverterproduces the CLKOUT signal with highest voltage magnitude.

In FIG. 4b , the supply voltage is reduced from 55 mV to 50 mV. As canbe seen, the first oscillator with the conventional inverters isincapable of generating a CLKOUT signal, unlike the second and thirdoscillators. As shown, in FIG. 4c , when reducing the supply voltage to45 mV, the third oscillator is still capable of generating a CLKOUTsignal.

As seen from the simulations, the present redundant inverters canoperate with lower supply voltages than conventional oscillators. Thevoltages may be further reduced by increasing the number of inputstages.

The present disclosure may be embodied in other specific forms withoutdeparting from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. Theforegoing embodiments, therefore, are to be considered in all respectsillustrative rather than limiting the invention described herein. Scopeof the invention is thus indicated by the appended claims, rather thanby the foregoing description, and all changes that come within themeaning and range of equivalency of the claims are intended to beembraced therein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A redundant inverter comprising: a redundantinverter input terminal for receiving an inverter input signal; aredundant inverter output terminal for generating an inverter outputsignal; an input module, the input module includes a high section whichincludes a first input inverter having a first p-type transistor and afirst n-type transistor coupled in series between a first input inverterhigh power source and a first input inverter low power source, the firstinput inverter includes a first inverter input terminal coupled to theredundant inverter input terminal and a first inverter output terminalwhich serves as a high section output terminal, and a low section with asecond input inverter having a second p-type transistor and a secondn-type transistor coupled in series between a second input inverter highand low power sources, the second input inverter includes a secondinverter input terminal coupled to the redundant inverter input terminaland a second inverter output terminal which serves as a low sectionoutput terminal; and an output module with an output inverter, theoutput inverter includes an output p-type transistor and an outputn-type transistor coupled in series between the first inverter outputterminal and the second inverter output terminal, a first outputinverter terminal coupled to the redundant inverter output terminal, anda second output inverter terminal coupled to the redundant inverterinput terminal.
 2. The redundant inverter of claim 1 wherein: inresponse to a logic 1 input signal at the redundant inverter inputterminal, the first input inverter of the high section is configured togenerate a weak “0” at the high section output terminal, and the secondinput inverter of the low section is configured to generate a strong “0”at the low section output terminal; and in response to a logic 0 inputsignal at the redundant inverter input terminal, the first inverter ofthe high section is configured to generate a strong “1” at the highsection output terminal, and the second inverter of the low section isconfigured to generate a weak “1” at the low section output terminal. 3.The redundant inverter of claim 2 wherein: the redundant inverter outputterminal comprises a strong “1” in response to a logic 0 input signal atthe redundant inverter input terminal; and the redundant inverter outputterminal comprises a strong “0” in response to a logic 1 input signal atthe redundant inverter input terminal.
 4. The redundant inverter ofclaim 1 wherein: the input module comprises a single input stage; andthe input module and the output module form a 2-stage redundantinverter.
 5. The redundant inverter of claim 1 wherein: the first andsecond input inverters form a single stage input module; the first andsecond high power sources comprise device high power sources; the firstand second low power sources comprise device low power sources, and thesingle stage input module and output module form a 2-stage redundantinverse
 6. The redundant inverter of claim 5 wherein: in response to alogic 1 input signal at the redundant inverter input terminal, the firstinput inverter of the high section is configured to generate a weak “0”at the high section output terminal, and the second input inverter ofthe low section is configured to generate a strong “0” at the lowsection output terminal; and in response to a logic 0 input signal atthe redundant inverter input terminal, the first inverter of the highsection is configured to generate a strong “1” at the high sectionoutput terminal, and the second inverter of the low section isconfigured to generate a weak “1” at the low section output terminal. 7.The redundant inverter of claim 6 wherein: the first p-type transistorof the first input inverter is a large pFET; the first n-type transistorof the first input inverter is a small nFET; the second p-typetransistor of the second input inverter is a small pFET; and the secondn-type transistor of the second input inverter is a large nFET.
 8. Theredundant inverter of claim 1 is incorporated in a ring oscillatorcircuit comprising a plurality of redundant inverters connected inseries, wherein a last of the redundant inverter is series connected toa first of the redundant inverter to form a ring.
 9. The redundantinverter of claim 1 wherein the input module comprises first and secondinput stages to form a 3-stage redundant inverter, wherein: the firstinput stage comprises the first and second input inverters; the secondstage comprises third and fourth input inverters for the high section ofthe input module, wherein the third input inverter includes a thirdp-type transistor and a third n-type transistor coupled in seriesbetween device high and low power sources, an input terminal of thethird inverter is coupled to the redundant inverter input terminal, andan output terminal of the third inverter is coupled to the first inputinverter high power source, the fourth input inverter includes a fourthp-type transistor and a fourth n-type transistor coupled in seriesbetween device high and low power sources, an input terminal of thefourth inverter is coupled to the redundant inverter input terminal andan output terminal of the fourth inverter is coupled to the first inputinverter low power source, and fifth and sixth input inverters for thelow section of the input module, wherein the fifth input inverterincludes a fifth p-type transistor and a fifth n-type transistor coupledin series between device high and low power sources, an input terminalof the fifth inverter is coupled to the redundant inverter inputterminal, and an output terminal of the fifth inverter is coupled to thesecond input inverter high power source, and the sixth input inverterincludes a sixth p-type transistor and a sixth n-type transistor coupledin series between device high and low power sources, an input terminalof the sixth inverter is coupled to the redundant inverter inputterminal, an output terminal of the sixth inverter is coupled to thesecond input inverter low power source.
 10. The redundant inverter ofclaim 9 wherein: in response to a logic 1 input signal at the redundantinverter input terminal, the high section of the input module isconfigured to generate a weak “0” at the high section output terminal,and the low section of the input module is configured to generate astrong “0” at the low section output terminal; and in response to alogic 0 input signal at the redundant inverter input terminal, the highsection of the input module is configured to generate a strong “1” atthe high section output terminal, and the low section of the inputmodule is configured to generate a weak “1” at the low section outputterminal.
 11. The redundant inverter of claim 9 wherein: the first andsecond input inverters comprise balanced first and second inputinverters with large FETs; the third inverter comprises an imbalancedthird inverter with a large pFET and small nFET; the fourth and fifthinput inverters comprise balanced fourth and fifth input inverters withintermediate FETs; and the sixth inverter comprises an imbalanced sixthinverter with a small pFET and a large nFET.
 12. The redundant inverterof claim 11 wherein: in response to a logic 1 input signal at theredundant inverter input terminal, the high section of the input moduleis configured to generate a weak “0” at the high section outputterminal, and the low section of the input module is configured togenerate a strong “0” at the low section output terminal; and inresponse to a logic 0 input signal at the redundant inverter inputterminal, the high section of the input module is configured to generatea strong “1” at the high section output terminal, and the low section ofthe input module is configured to generate a weak “1” at the low sectionoutput terminal.
 13. The redundant inverter of claim 12 wherein theoutput inverter comprises balanced output inverters with large FETs. 14.The redundant inverter of claim 13 wherein: the redundant inverteroutput terminal comprises a strong “1” in response to a logic 0 at theredundant inverter input terminal; and the redundant inverter outputterminal comprises a strong “0” in response to a logic 1 at theredundant inverter input terminal.
 15. The redundant inverter of claim14 is incorporated in a ring oscillator circuit comprising a pluralityof redundant inverters connected in series, wherein a last of theredundant inverter is series connected to a first of the redundantinverter to form a ring.
 16. A redundant inverter comprising: aredundant inverter input terminal for receiving an inverter inputsignal; a redundant inverter output terminal for generating an inverteroutput signal; an input module, the input module includes invertersarranged into a high section generating a high section output signal ata high section output terminal, a low section generating a low sectionoutput signal at a low section output terminal, and wherein in responseto a logic 1 input signal at the redundant inverter input terminal, thehigh section is configured to generate a weak “0” at the high sectionoutput terminal, and the low section is configured to generate a strong“0” at the low section output terminal, and in response to a logic 0input signal at the redundant inverter input terminal, the high sectionis configured to generate a strong “1” at the high section outputterminal, and the low section is configured to generate a weak “1” atthe low section output terminal; an output module with an outputinverter, the output inverter includes an output inverter high powersource terminal coupled to the high section output terminal, an outputinverter low power source terminal coupled to the low section outputterminal, an output inverter input terminal coupled to the redundantinverter input terminal, and an output inverter output terminal coupledto the redundant inverter output terminal.
 17. The redundant inverter ofclaim 16 wherein the input module comprises n stages to form an n+1stage redundant inverter, the input module comprises a sum of 2^(i)transistors where i is from 1 to n and an stage comprises 2^(i)transistors.
 18. The redundant inverter of claim 17 wherein: an outputof a first transistor of the first input stage (i=1) is the high sectionoutput terminal; an output of a second transistor of the first inputstage is the low section output terminal; inverters of the last inputstage (i=n) have transistors coupled between device high and low powersources; and output terminals of inverters of stages from 2 to n serveas power sources for inverters of a preceding stage (i=i−1).
 19. Theredundant inverter of claim 16 is incorporated in a ring oscillatorcircuit comprising a plurality of redundant inverters connected inseries, wherein a last of the redundant inverter is series connected toa first of the redundant inverter to form a ring.
 20. A ring oscillatorcircuit comprising a ring oscillator module having a plurality ofredundant inverters connected in series to form a ring configuration,wherein a last of the redundant inverter is series connected to a firstof the redundant inverter to form a ring, wherein each redundantinverter comprises: a redundant inverter input terminal for receiving aninverter input signal; a redundant inverter output terminal forgenerating an inverter output signal; an input module, the input moduleincludes inverters arranged into a high section generating a highsection output signal at a high section output terminal, a low sectiongenerating a low section output signal at a low section output terminal,and wherein in response to a logic 1 input signal at the redundantinverter input terminal, the high section is configured to generate aweak “0” at the high section output terminal, and the low section isconfigured to generate a strong “0” at the low section output terminal,and in response to a logic 0 input signal at the redundant inverterinput terminal, the high section is configured to generate a strong “1”at the high section output terminal, and the low section is configuredto generate a weak “1” at the low section output terminal; an outputmodule with an output inverter, the output inverter includes an outputinverter high power source terminal coupled to the high section outputterminal, an output inverter low power source terminal coupled to thelow section output terminal, an output inverter input terminal coupledto the redundant inverter input terminal, and an output inverter outputterminal coupled to the redundant inverter output terminal.